f"f"f @@@ @@@@6H_F^{"f ["f EN DB "f      ( 0 89HW7\ Adams1994Barbenel1972 Barnett1962 Beaupre1993 Bertram1988Biewener1988 Burr19949 Burr19989 Burr2002 Burr2002 Burstein1971Burstein1973 Carter19933 Carter1995lCharnley1970 Chen19949 Cobbold1962 Dawson1973 Delbeke1984 Devas1975 Dumont19844 Ferris19955 Frankel1971 Hafstad1994 Heiple19733 Hunter19722  Jeanty1984 Leutenegger1972 Lovejoy1973 Martin1998Matthews1995 McLeish1970 Mori1994 Newman1994  Obeid1994  Osborn1996 Paine1994 Robling2002 Rodesch1984  Ruff1995 Santiesteban1994 Schaffler1985 Sharkey1995 Sharkey1998 Sissons1955 Smith1995 Sneddon1965 Stout1994 Sun1994 Taylor1973 Turner20022van der Meulen1993van der Meulen1995 Yoshikawa1994 Zihlman1972 Zihlman1972 Zihlman1972 Authors ?Journals Keywords n                               !, @    BCtabase covers the years from 1993 to date anC:\DOCUME~1\student\LOCALS~1\Temp\Medline 1993-96 (OVID).tmp  X? Adams, M. A.Barbenel, J. C.Barnett, C. H.МL Barnett, C.H.Beaupre, G. S.МL Beaupre, G.S.Bertram, J. E.МLBiewener, A. A.L Burr, D. B.Burstein, A. H. Carter, D. R. Carter, D.R. Charnley, J. Chen, J.Cobbold, A. F.МL Cobbold, A.F. Dawson, T. J. Dawson, T.J. Delbeke, D. Devas, M. B.( Devas, M.B. Dumont, J. E. Dumont, J.E. Ferris, L.Frankel, V. H. Hafstad, E. Heiple, K. G. Holmes, B. F. Hunter, W. S. Jeanty, P.Leutenegger, W.Lovejoy, C. O. Martin, R. B.Matthews, D. K.McLeish, R. D.Mitchell, J. S.L Mori, S. Newman, J. H. Obeid, E. M. Osborn, J. W. Paine, R. R.Robling, A. G.МL Rodesch, F. Ruff, C. B.Santiesteban, A. J.Schaffler, M. B.LSchaffler, M.B.Sharkey, N. A.Sissons, H. A.МL Sissons, H.A. Smith, C. L.( Smith, T. S.Sneddon, I. N.МL Sneddon, I.N. Stout, S. D. Sun, T. C. Taylor, C. R. Taylor, C.R. Turner, C. H.van der Meulen, M. C. H.fvan der Meulen, M.C.H. Yoshikawa, T.Zihlman, A. L.  ,)American Journal of Physical AnthropologyBoneFolia Primatologica In Progress in RadiobiologyJournal of Biomechanics$Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery40Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery - British Volume83Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery J Bone Joint SurgB82Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British VolumeB$Journal of Engineering Science$Journal of Experimental Biology$Journal of Theoretical Biology$Journal of Ultrasound Medicine Nature  n0+*Age Determination by Skeleton/mt [Methods] *Algorithms0**Animals, Newborn/ah [Anatomy & Histology]*Anthropology, Physical *Biomechanics *Biomechanics/st [Standards]*Bone and Bones$*Bone and Bones/ph [Physiology]$ *Bone Remodeling/ph [Physiology]0**Cartilage, Articular/pp [Physiopathology]$ *Fractures, Stress/et [Etiology]*Gait*Heel/ph [Physiology]*Hip/ph [Physiology] *Locomotion$!*Metatarsal Bones/ph [Physiology]*Models, Biological(#*Muscle Contraction/ph [Physiology]$*Muscle Fatigue/ph [Physiology]*Muscles/ph [Physiology]($*Osteoarthritis/pp [Physiopathology] *Paleontology$ *Pelvis/ah [Anatomy & Histology]*Pelvis/ph [Physiology] *Pongidae("*Pongidae/ah [Anatomy & Histology] *Posture("*Primates/ah [Anatomy & Histology]$*Ribs/ah [Anatomy & Histology],(*Temporomandibular Joint/ph [Physiology]$ 3-dimensional mathematical-model$Achilles Tendon/ph [Physiology] adaptationmecAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAnatomy, Comparative AnimalAnthropology, Physical Anthropometry Biomechanics Biometry Birth Weightbite Body Weight Cadaver<9Collagen; Biomechanics; Osteoporosis; Fragility; Fracturecross-sectional geometry directionDogs east-rudolfElectromyographyendurance testsEnergy Transfer Evolution<7exercise; mechanotransduction; sensitivity; saturation;0 Exertion Femalefemur Femur Head/ph [Physiology] Femur Neck/ph [Physiology]$Femur/ah [Anatomy & Histology]Femur/ph [Physiology]Foot/ph [Physiology]forcefossil hominidsfunctional-significanceGait Hindlimb Hip Joint Hip/ah [Anatomy & Histology]Hip/ph [Physiology]Hip/ra [Radiography] homo erectusHumanhuman-evolution$Ilium/ah [Anatomy & Histology]Ilium/ph [Physiology]jawsKnee Prosthesis lake turkana LocomotionMalemasticatory system Mathematics@;mechanical stimuli; strain-rate; bouts; cells; force; flow; Middle Agemiddle pleistoceneModels, Structural muscleneanderthal pelvis obstetrics olduvai-gorge Osteoarthritis/su [Surgery] pelvisPelvis/ph [Physiology]Physiology, Comparativeplaneplio-pleistocene Pregnancy RotationSelection (Genetics)sexual dimorphismStress, MechanicalSupport, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.temporomandibular-jointTensile Strength Torsionulnaa      <^$^Schaffler, M. B. 1985VPStiffness and fatigue of compact bone at physiological strains and strain rates.0)Doctoral Dissertation: School of MedicineP Morgantown, WV West Virginia University 1-217Doctoral Dissertationt$Doctoral Dissertation4l82UMI #8610440 Have PARTIAL copy in BME-P 420 folder<6Sharkey, N. A. Ferris, L. Smith, T. S. Matthews, D. K. 1995B://A1996UC07800003i'JDOsborn, J. W. Univ Alberta,Dept Oral Biol,Edmonton,Ab T6g 2n8,Canada Ruff, C. B. 1995`/Biomechanics of the hip and birth in early Homo + 0)American Journal of Physical Anthropology5984527-574 DECAm. J. Phys. Anthropol.ISI:A1995TG905000111homo erectus femur pelvis obstetrics cross-sectional geometry human-evolution lake turkana east-rudolf middle pleistocene neanderthal pelvis sexual dimorphism plio-pleistocene fossil hominids olduvai-gorgeA complex of traits in the femur and pelvis of Homo erectus and early ''erectus-like'' specimens has been described, but never satisfactorily explained. Here the functional relationships between pelvic and femoral structure in humans are explored using both theoretical biomechanical models and empirical tests within modern samples of diverse body form (Pecos Amerindians, East Africans). Results indicate that a long femoral neck increases mediolateral bending of the femoral diaphysis and decreases gluteal abductor and hip joint reaction forces. Increasing biacetabular breadth along with femoral neck length further increases M-L bending of the femoral shaft and maintains abductor and joint reaction forces at near ''normal'' levels. When compared to modern humans, Homo erectus and early ''erectus-like'' specimens are characterized by a long femoral neck and greatly increased M-L relative to A-P bending strength of the femoral shaft, coupled with no decrease in hip joint size and a probable increase in abductor force relative to body size. All of this strongly suggests that biacetabular breadth as well as femoral neck length was relatively large in early Homo. Several features preserved in early Homo partial hip bones also indicate that the true (lower) pelvis was very M-L broad, as well as A-P narrow. This is similar to the lower pelvic shape of australopithecines and suggests that nonrotational birth, in which the newborn's head is oriented transversely through the pelvic outlet, characterized early Homo as well as Australopithecus, Because M-L breadth of the pelvis is constrained by other factors, this may have limited increases in cranial capacity within Homo until rotational birth was established during the late Middle Pleistocene. During or after the transition to rotational birth biacetabular breadth decreased, reducing the body weight moment arm about the hip and allowing femoral neck length (abductor moment arm) to also decrease, both of which reduced M-L bending of the proximal femoral shaft. Variation in femoral structural properties within early Homo and other East African Early Pleistocene specimens has several taxonomic and phylogenetic implications. (C) 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.RKTimes Cited: 27 Review English Cited References Count: 134 Tg905 Wiley-Liss $://A1995TG90500011e'd^Ruff, C. B. Johns Hopkins Univ,Sch Med,Dept Cell Biol & Anat,725 N Wolfe St,Baltimore,Md 21205   tL$Barbenel, J. C. 1972JDThe biomechanics of the temporomandibular joint: a theoretical studyJournal of Biomechanics53251-256 J. Biomech.1b[Biomechanics Human Mathematics *Models, Biological *Temporomandibular Joint/ph [Physiology]$Barnett, C. H. Cobbold, A. F. 1962& Lubrication within living joints(!Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery44B662-674J. Bone Joint Surg.67$Bertram, J. E. Biewener, A. A. 1988D=Bone curvature: sacrificing strength for load predictability?$Journal of Theoretical Biology 1311 75-926Nearly all long bones of terrestrial mammals that have been studied are loaded in bending. Yet bending requires greater bone mass than axial compression for effective support of equivalent static loads. Most long bones, in fact, are curved along their length; their curvature augmenting rather than diminishing stresses developed due to bending. The most "efficient" design of a bone (maximal strength per unit mass) should be a form which is straight and resists axial compression. Bone curvature and the bending developed in the long bones of most species studied, therefore, poses a paradox in design. However, under natural conditions an animal's skeleton must support a range of dynamic loads that vary in both direction and magnitude. Thus, improved predictability of dynamic loading should represent an important feature in the design of the bone, in addition to its absolute strength. We present an explanation of long bone curvature, based on the conditions of stability for bending vs. axial compression in a column, that describes this apparent design paradox as a mechanism for improving the predictability of loading direction (and, consequently, the pattern of stresses within the bone). Our hypothesis argues that in order to understand the design "effectiveness" of long bone shape the role of the bone as a structural unit must be redefined to one in which bone strength is optimized concurrently with loading predictability. In agreement with our hypothesis, bone curvature appears to meet this requirement..(Burr, D. B. Robling, A. G. Turner, C. H. 2002:3Effects of biomechanical stress on bones in animals Bone305781-786 May Bone% pdf8ISI:000175804300020nXrexercise; mechanotransduction; sensitivity; saturation; adaptation mechanical stimuli; strain-rate; bouts; cells; force; flow; ulna0The signals that allow bone to adapt to its mechanical environment most likely involve strain-mediated fluid flow through the canalicular channels. Fluid can only be moved through bone by cyclic loading, and the shear stresses generated on bone cells are proportional to the rate of loading. The proportional relation between fluid shear stresses on cells and loading rate predicts that the magnitude of bone's adaptive response to loading should be proportional to strain rate. For lower loading frequencies within the physiologic range, experimental evidence shows this is true. It is also true that tile mechanical sensitivity of bone cells saturates quickly, and that a period of recovery either between loading cycles or between periods of exercise can optimize adaptive response. Together, these concepts suggest that short periods of exercise, with a 4-8 h rest period between them, are a more effective osteogenic stimulus than a single sustained session of exercise. The data also suggest that activities involving higher loading rates are more effective for increasing bone formation, even if the duration of the activity is short. (C) 2002 by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. 555QG BONE$://000175804300020 Burr, D. B.p 2002JDThe contribution of the organic matrix to bone's material properties Bone311 8-11 July Bone% pdfX@9Collagen; Biomechanics; Osteoporosis; Fragility; FracturevoBone is a two-phase porous composite material comprised primarily of collagen and mineral, which together provide its mechanical properties. The contribution of the mineral phase to bone's mechanical properties has dominated scientific thinking. Collagen's role has been underappreciated and not very well studied. However, there is evidence that changes in collagen content, or changes to inter- and intrafibrillar collagen cross-linking, can reduce the energy required to cause bone failure (toughness), and increase fracture risk. Although collagen may have less effect on bone's strength and stiffness than does mineral, it may have a profound effect on bone fragility. Collagen changes that occur with age and reduce bone's toughness may be an important factor in the risk of fracture in older women with low bone mass. (C) 2002 by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.8  BONEP$Burstein, A. H. Frankel, V. H. 19710*A standard test for laboratory animal boneJournal of Biomechanics42155-1584d^Animal *Biomechanics/st [Standards] *Bone and Bones Energy Transfer Stress, Mechanical Torsion"Dawson, T. J. Taylor, C. R. 19730)Energetic cost of locomotion in kangaroos  Nature 246313-3148SLU Pius Devas, M. B. 1975Stress Fractures London Churchill Livingstone$$Churchill Livingstone, London05can be found at library of: Logan College of Chiropractic 1851 Schoettler Rd Chesterfield, MO 63006-1065 1-800-782-3341 www.logan.edu60Jeanty, P. Rodesch, F. Delbeke, D. Dumont, J. E. 1984JCEstimation of gestational age from measurements of fetal long bones $Journal of Ultrasound Medicine3 75-792 Leutenegger, W. 1972f6Newborn size and pelvic dimensions of Australopithecus &  Nature 240 5383568-5691Animal *Animals, Newborn/ah [Anatomy & Histology] Anthropology, Physical Anthropometry Birth Weight Evolution Female Human *Paleontology *Pelvis/ah [Anatomy & Histology] Pregnancy *Primates/ah [Anatomy & Histology] Selection (Genetics)SLU Pius2,Lovejoy, C. O. Heiple, K. G. Burstein, A. H. 1973LThe gait of Australopithecus   0)American Journal of Physical Anthropology 383757-7791Anatomy, Comparative Animal *Anthropology, Physical Biomechanics Biometry Femur/ph [Physiology] Femur Head/ph [Physiology] Femur Neck/ph [Physiology] Foot/ph [Physiology] *Gait Hip/ph [Physiology] Human Ilium/ph [Physiology] *Locomotion Physiology, Comparative *Pongidae